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Standard English
Standard English refers to whatever folks accept as a national norm in any English-speaking country. It includes grammar, vocabulary, and spelling. In the United States, it is called General American English. General American English is a form of American English. American English is what most Americans speak. Linguists debate the precise definition of General American English as it is still evolving. Scholars use the term as classification only. American English is a set of dialects of the English Language Natives in the United States. English is the common language of the United States Government. The use of English in the United States is a result of British Colonization. The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the 17th century. Further migrations followed in the 18th and 19th centuries. Since then, American English has been influenced by the languages of West Africa, the Native American population, German, Dutch, Irish, Spanish, and other languages of successive waves of immigrants to the United States. Compared to the English that is spoken in England, North American English is more homogeneous. Many linguists believe that American English contains archaic features that British English has lost.

Rhotic
Most English in the United States is Rhotic. Rhoticity refers to the way that the letter R is pronounced. Most of southern Britain in non-Rhotic. The earliest traces of loss of the Rhotic sound is in the early 15th century. By the 1780s, most R sounds in the middle of words were disappearing in London. Many port cities in the United States, with close ties to Great Britain, still maintain the R-less dialect. Writers specifically mean those port cities of New York City, Boston, Alexandria, Philadelphia, Alexandria, Charleston, and Savannah. In the 1860s, financial prosperity moved away from these areas of British influence. By the 1870s, New York City became the center of wealth and power. This wealth and power were created by men who did not have connections to the old colonial elites.

Orthography
An orthography is a set of conventions on how to write a language. It includes rules of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation. Most expressive languages in the modern era are written down, and for most such languages a standard orthography has developed, often based on a standard variety of the language, and thus exhibiting less dialect variation than the spoken language. Sometimes there may be a change in a language’s orthography, as between American and British spellings in the case of English grammar. In some cases, spelling is regulated by bodies such as language academies, although for English there is no sort of thing.

Types of Orthography
The writing systems on which orthographies are based can be divided into some types, depending on what type of unit each symbol serves to represent. The principle types are logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic. The logographic systems include the earliest writing system. The first historical civilizations of the Near East, Africa, China, and Central America used some form of logographic writing. A syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent the syllables or moras, which make up words. A symbol in a syllabary called a syllabogram typically represents a consonant sound followed by a vowel sound. The alphabet is a standard set of letters, which is used to write one or more languages. This alphabet is based on the general principle that each letter represents a phoneme of the spoken language. This is in contrast to other writing systems. The Phoenician script was the first phonemic script and was the ancestor or modern alphabets. Alphabets represent both consonant and vowel sounds. The first alphabet was the Greek alphabet, which was based on the Phoenician alphabet. Think phonics. In some languages, only consonants are represented. Many alphabets are in use today with the most popular being the Latin alphabet. Many languages use a modified version of the Latin alphabet. Most alphabets use lines to form the letters.

Phonemes and Phonics
A phoneme is all the phones that share the same signifier for a particular language’s phonology. If the exchange of one phone in a word gives a new word a different meaning, then the two phones belong to different phonemes. Phonics is a method of teaching reading and writing of the English Language by developing a learner’s phonemic awareness. Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, write, and manipulate phonemes. Phonics is taught to show the corresponding letters and their phoneme. Teachers also teach spelling patterns this way.

Gathering and Organizing Ideas for Writing
In talking with friends, you often just start a story and hope to remember it as you go along. You write better, however, when you plan what to say and how to say it. The purpose of writing about an autobiographical incident is to discover your thoughts and feelings and to learn a little about yourself. You also write to share the experience, and what it meant to you and others. Your audience is probably made up of your classmates and teacher and perhaps other adults you trust. Try to make your narrative interesting to them. Remember to give them the background information they will need to understand your incident.

Recalling Details
Did you lose a pet you loved? Explain the pet’s unique qualities. Ask yourself what your audience will need to know to become interested in your topic. A narrative about an autobiographical incident is different from most other types of writing. That’s because many of the details and events are stored inside your memory. You will need to recall these details to make your experience seem real to the reader. Did you win or lose an awesome contest? What sights and sounds will help you tell about it? What did people say and do? How did you feel?

Narrative
A narrative or story is any report of connected events, actual or imaginary. It is presented in a sequence of written or spoken words. When writing, the author should include a description of the events told in some logical order. Your narrative should include sensory details, characters, and setting. All narratives should be organized in some form or fashion. They should also be characterized as some genre. Nonfiction is one type of writing where the writer writes what is assumed to be true. Nonfiction is the largest category of writing.